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- By Agoston T. Agoston, Syed Z. Ali, Mahul B. Amin, Daniel A. Arber, Pedram Argani, Sylvia L. Asa, Rebecca N. Baergen, Zubair W. Baloch, Andrew M. Bellizzi, Kurt Benirschke, Allen Burke, Kenneth B. Calder, Karen L. Chang, Rebecca D. Chernock, Wang Cheung, Thomas V. Colby, Byron P. Croker, Ronald A. DeLellis, Edward F. DiCarlo, Ralph C. Eagle, Hormoz Ehya, Brett M. Elicker, Tarik M. Elsheikh, Robert E. Fechner, Linda D. Ferrell, Melina B. Flanagan, Douglas B. Flieder, Christopher S. Foster, Lillian Gaber, Karuna Garg, Kim R. Geisinger, Ryan M. Gill, Eric F. Glassy, David J. Glembocki, Zachary D. Goodman, Robert O. Greer, David J. Grignon, Gerardo E. Guiter, Kymberly A. Gyure, Ian S. Hagemann, Michael R. Henry, Jason L. Hornick, Ralph H. Hruban, Phyllis C. Huettner, Peter A. Humphrey, Olga B. Ioffe, Edward C. Klatt, Michael J. Klein, Ernest E. Lack, James N. Lampros, Lester J. Layfield, Robin D. LeGallo, Kevin O. Leslie, James S. Lewis, Virginia A. LiVolsi, Alberto M. Marchevsky, Anne Marie McNicol, Mitra Mehrad, Elizabeth Montgomery, Cesar A. Moran, Christopher A. Moskaluk, George J. Netto, G. Petur Nielsen, Robert D. Odze, Arthur S. Patchefsky, James W. Patterson, Elizabeth N. Pavlisko, John D. Pfeifer, Celeste N. Powers, Richard A. Prayson, Anja C. Roden, Victor L. Roggli, Andrew E. Rosenberg, Sherif Said, Margie A. Scott, Raja R. Seethala, Carlie S. Sigel, Jan F. Silverman, Bruce R. Smoller, Edward B. Stelow, Nora C. J. Sun, Mark W. Teague, Satish K. Tickoo, Thomas M. Ulbright, Paul E. Wakely, Jun Wang, Lawrence M. Weiss, Mark R. Wick, Howard H. Wu, Rhonda K. Yantiss, Charles Zaloudek, Yaxia Zhang, Xiaohui Sheila Zhao
- Edited by Mark R. Wick, University of Virginia, Virginia A. LiVolsi, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, John D. Pfeifer, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Edward B. Stelow, University of Virginia, Paul E. Wakely, Jr
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- Book:
- Silverberg's Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology
- Published online:
- 13 March 2015
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- 26 March 2015, pp vii-x
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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26 - Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases
- from PART V - INFLAMMATORY DISEASES/HISTOLOGY
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- By Kenneth K. Wu, University of Texas Health Science Center
- Edited by Charles N. Serhan, Peter A. Ward, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Derek W. Gilroy, University College London
-
- Book:
- Fundamentals of Inflammation
- Published online:
- 05 April 2014
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2010, pp 317-328
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Inflammation has emerged as a key pathophysiological event in vascular diseases and the consequent cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury. There is ample evidence that inflammation is intimately involved in atherosclerosis. It mediates the initiation of atherosclerosis, promotes progression of the atherosclerotic lesions, and regulates atheromatous plaque stability [1, 2]. There is also good evidence that inflammation plays a crucial role in ischemia-reperfusion cardiac and cerebral injury [3, 4].
Inflammation is a complex process involving multiple cellular and molecular components. It is triggered by diverse proinflammatory mediators (PIM) which are generated directly and indirectly by microbial invasion, endotoxins, immune complexes, and cytokines. Vascular endothelium is subjected to pro inflammatory insults, as it is in constant contact with circulating blood and along with it many environmental stressful factors. Fortunately, endothelium is endowed with potent anti-inflammatory molecules that confer resistance to damage by transient proinflammatory attacks. Once the insulting factors dissipate, endothelial cells return to its basal state. The mechanisms by which endothelial cells resist insults are likely to be very complex. One model is stress-coupled induction of anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes [5]. This mechanism allows for timely defense against transient insults. However, when insults by PIMs become persistent, this protective property wears out resulting in endothelial cell damage and functional defects and eventually endothelial apoptosis and necrosis.
112 - Endothelial Eicosanoids
- from PART II - ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
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- By Kenneth K. Wu, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Edited by William C. Aird, Harvard University, Massachusetts
-
- Book:
- Endothelial Biomedicine
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 03 September 2007, pp 1004-1014
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Summary
Eicosanoids comprise a large array of small-molecular-weight compounds that are synthesized in almost all mammalian cells from an unsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), chemically known as eicosatetraenoic acid. Eicosanoids are not stored in cells, but are synthesized in cells in response to stimuli. Elevated intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) as the result of cell activation represent two key signaling pathways that initiate eicosanoid production. These signaling molecules activate a group of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), most notably the cytosolic PLA2, that catalyze the release of AA from membrane phospholipids (1,2). AA is metabolized to form eicosanoids by many enzymes, now classified into three enzymatic pathways: (a) cyclooxygenase (COX), (b) lipoxygenase (LOX), and (c) cytochrome P450 (CYP) (Figure 112.1). The COX pathway converts AA into classic prostaglandins (PG), namely prostacyclin (also known as PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). The LOX pathway is responsible for producing leukotrienes (LT) and 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) (3,4). The CYP pathway generates diverse epoxy eicosatetraenoic acid (EET) and dihydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (di-HETE) products (5).
Intracellular eicosanoids are released into extracellular milieu, where they act in an autocrine or paracrine manner. They bind a specific family of membrane eicosanoid receptors and induce diverse cellular activities via selective signaling pathways (6). Evidence is emerging that certain eicosanoids that are produced in the cell bind directly to intracellular receptors, thereby eliciting their cellular actions. Eicosanoids possess multiple, diverse biological actions that regulate and mediate the physiological functions of many organs. They play major pathophysiological roles in human diseases including cardiovascular disorders, asthma, and cancer (7–9).
Dose analysis of boost treatment to parapharyngeal space of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy
- Vincent W C Wu, Candy S C Tsang, Freddy H K Mak, Joe C H Chan, Kenneth M W Leung, H W Leung
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- Journal:
- Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / September 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 August 2006, pp. 139-145
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with parapharyngeal space (PPS) involvement are routinely given boost irradiation in Hong Kong. The current technique that employs a single field has many limitations in terms of dose distribution. This study is aimed to compare the dose distribution between the newly designed 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and conventional techniques for the boost treatment of PPS so as to determine the more optimal treatment.
Fifteen NPC patients with unilateral PPS involvement were recruited. Their CT images were loaded into the FOCUS planning system for treatment planning. The planning target volume (PTV) and seven organs at risk (OARs) including the spinal cord, brain stem, optic chiasm, mandible, temporal lobe, temporo-mandibular (TM) joint and lens were outlined for dose assessment. The conventional and 3DCRT plans were then generated for each patient and the dose distributions were compared using dose parameters derived from the dose volume histograms (DVHs).
The 3DCRT technique provides better target coverage and significantly better dose to the planning target volume than the conventional technique. The 3DCRT treatment plans gives better sparing of the ipsilateral TM joints, mandible and lens, but it is less effective to spare spinal cord, brain stem, optic chiasm and temporal lobe. Nevertheless, the total doses to these OARs remain within the clinically defined thresholds and are clinically acceptable.
Dose analysis of three 3-D conformal radiotherapy techniques used in booster treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Vincent W. C. Wu, Zeromon H. F. Chan, Shiris W. S. Kung, Celia K. F. Chau, Kenneth C. K. Fu, Kitty K. Y. Yip
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 August 2006, pp. 27-36
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Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) has been introduced to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Hong Kong. Three more commonly used techniques, which are labelled as 3-field, 4-field and 6-field techniques, are currently employed as a booster treatment and no standard 3DCRT technique has yet been established. This study is aimed to evaluate and compare the dose distributions for the three common 3DCRT techniques so as to provide basis for the development of a routine protocol in future.
For each 3DCRT technique, eight patients with T3 tumours treated between 1997 to 1998 were recruited. Treatment planning was performed with the patients' CT images loaded into the 3-D treatment planning systems. The planning target volume (PTV) and eight organs at risk were delineated for dose assessment. Treatment plans were produced based on the criteria of the corresponding 3DCRT techniques. Dose volume histograms, 2-D and 3-D dose displays were used for dose evaluation.
All three techniques produced reasonable homogenous dose to the PTV. There was no significant difference in the mean doses of the PTV, spinal cord, lens, eyeball, temporal lobe and pituitary. The 3-field technique was superior in sparing the thyroid and optic nerve. The 6-field technique offered lower brain stem dose, and the 4-field technique was in between the two. The use of a vertex field slightly improved dose homogeneity of PTV and reduced the brain stem dose, but the doses to the optic nerve, thyroid, pituitary and temporal lobe were increased.
Resonantly excited regular and chaotic motions in a rectangular wave tank
- Wu-Ting Tsai, Dick K. P. Yue, Kenneth M. K. Yip
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 216 / July 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 343-380
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We consider the resonant excitation of surface waves inside a rectangular wave tank of arbitrary water depth with a flap-type wavemaker on one side. Depending on the length and width of the tank relative to the sinusoidal forcing frequency of the wave paddle, three classes of resonant mechanisms can be identified. The first two are the well-known synchronous, resonantly forced longitudinal standing waves, and the subharmonic, parametrically excited transverse (cross) waves. These have been studied by a number of investigators, notably in deep water. We rederive the governing equations and show good comparisons with the experimental data of Lin & Howard (1960). The third class is new and involves the simultaneous resonance of the synchronous longitudinal and subharmonic cross-waves and their internal interactions. In this case, temporal chaotic motions are found for a broad range of parameter values and initial conditions. These are studied by local bifurcation and stability analyses, direct numerical simulations, estimations of the Lyapunov exponents and power spectra, and examination of Poincaré surfaces. To obtain a global criterion for widespread chaos, the method of resonance overlap (Chirikov 1979) is adopted and found to be remarkably effective.
30 - In vitro assays for evaluating platelet function
- from PART II - METHODOLOGY
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- By Perumal Thiagarajan, Vascular Biology Research Center and Division of Hematology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, USA, Kenneth K. Wu, Vascular Biology Research Center and Division of Hematology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, USA
- Edited by Paolo Gresele, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy, Clive P. Page, Valentin Fuster, Jos Vermylen, Universiteitsbibliotheek-K.U., Leuven
-
- Book:
- Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders
- Published online:
- 10 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2002, pp 459-470
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Summary
Role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis
Platelets play a primary role in the formation of the hemostatic plug at sites of vessel wall injury and in formation of thrombotic plug at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. Platelets circulate as anucleated cells at the periphery of the bloodstream. When continuity of the endothelial layer is disrupted and the underlying matrix is exposed, platelets rapidly adhere to the exposed matrix through an interaction between the glycoprotein (Gp) Ib–IX–V complex on their surface and von Willebrand factor (vWf) in the subendothelium. The high fluid shear stress brought about by vascular constriction also promotes Gp Ib–IX–V–von Willebrand factor interaction. This initial interaction, often called platelet adhesion, sets the stage for other adhesive reactions that allow the platelets to essentially seal the vessel-wall defect.
Following adhesion, platelets are activated by a number of agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen present at the sites of vascular injury. These agonists activate platelets by binding to specific receptors on the platelet surface. Occupancy of these receptors leads to a series of downstream events that ultimately increases the intracytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions. Receptors coupled to the G-proteins such asADP, epinephrine, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and thrombin receptors activate phospholipase Cβ (PLCb), whereas receptors activating via the non-receptor tyrosine kinase pathways such as collagen receptor GpVI preferentially activate phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ). Activation of PLCβ or PLCγ results in the production of the two second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3).
The Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Block Copolymer Consisting of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) and Poly(Ethylene Oxide)
- Laura J. Suggs, Richard G. Payne, Edmund Y. Kao, Lawrence B. Alemany, Michael J. Yaszemski, Kenneth K. Wu, Antonios G. Mikos
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 394 / 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 167
- Print publication:
- 1995
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- Article
- Export citation
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A block copolymer was developed consisting of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blocks. The former component allows the copolymer to be crosslinked, while the latter component allows the physical properties to be controlled. The compositions and segmental lengths of the two components were varied, and the copolymer was subsequently characterized.